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I want to thank everyone who came to my Mapping the Votes talk at Google. The talk is available on YouTube - with apologies for the small font size in the code samples!

Here are some links and information that I referred to in the talk.

Maps and mapplets

Decision 2008 - the current election mapplet
Decision 2008 Gadget - the election map as a Google Gadget
Iowa Republican Caucus - an early API map
Iowa mapplet - an early mapplet
Twitter election map - the Super Tuesday twitter map (showing tweets from that day)
Campaign Trail - candidate calendars
New Hampshire in Google Earth - a KML file

Editors and desktop tools

The editor I used for the code samples is the one I use every day, Komodo IDE. Komodo’s debuggers for Ruby, Python, and PHP make it really easy to test my batch/script/server code. I’m especially fond of coding in the debugger. For the code that converts shapefiles and vote data into JSON output, I’d write the input part first, set a breakpoint and stop in the debugger after it reads the data, then write the conversion code with live data to look at while I code. Komodo also has a JavaScript debugger that works equally well, but most of the time I just use Firebug because of its simplicity.

Komodo IDE isn’t cheap, but I figure it paid for itself really fast. There’s also a free Komodo Edit that everyone should install even if you already have a favorite editor. Both versions have real-time syntax checking, where you get squiggly red underlines for syntax errors and squiggly green underlines for warnings, just like the spelling and grammar checkers in a word processor. This has saved me literally thousands of page reloads when testing, since Komodo catches my syntax errors before I even save the file. Komodo runs on Linux, Mac, and Windows.

One nice thing about GUI editors is that the basic editing works the same in all of them (or should), so it’s easy to switch back and forth if some other editor has a feature you want to take advantage of. Besides Komodo, I also use PSPad (free, Windows only), mostly because of its nice HTML/XML pretty-printer. It cleans up unreadable web page source code real quick.

Another expensive-but-well-worth-it tool for Windows and Mac is Araxis Merge, a terrific file compare and merge program with live editing. I use Merge as the diff/merge program for TortoiseSVN, which makes source control a dream.

A couple of free Windows tools I use every day are Zoom+ for screen zooming and my own JKLmouse for precise cursor control with the keyboard of your notebook computer. With JKLmouse, I can use the TrackPoint for fast cursor motion and then the keyboard for fine pixel-by-pixel movement, seamlessly and with no “modes”. (Sorry, I had to brag!)

Source code

The election map code is open source and is in two Google Code projects. The current code is in the primary-maps-2008 project, and the code for earliest caucuses and primaries is in the gmaps-samples project. (We moved the code to a new project to avoid filling up gmaps-samples!)

If you look at the code, go easy on me: much of it was written under severe time pressure. I asked if the elections could be delayed when I wasn’t quite ready, but even the mighty Google couldn’t seem to arrange that.

Also, if you read the code using the links provided here, there’s an awful lot of indentation, thanks to Google Code displaying my tab indentation using 8 spaces per tab. Shades of K&R! (So, why do I use tabs instead of two-space indents like everyone else? Well, one of the other benefits of Komodo is that unlike most code editors, it lets me edit in a proportional font. Two spaces in a proportional font is almost like not indenting at all.)

Shapefiles

Shapefiles are a wacky file format used for geographic data. Be thankful that other people have already written programs to pick them apart, so you and I don’t have to.

At first, I was using shp2text to convert shapefiles to an easy-to-use XML format (using the --gpx option), but this loses some of the information in the shapefile. More recently, Zachary Forest Johnson, author of the interesting indiemaps blog, wrote shpUtils.py, which decodes shapefiles into usable Python data.

I extended shpUtils.py to calculate correct centroids, area and other information about the shapes, and to fix a few bugs. The updated version is in the primary-maps-2008 project.

Centroids

The election maps use the centroids of the state and county polygons to position markers for those states.

Centroids are one of those things that you think you understand and then find out you were completely wrong. My first guess was the same as Zachary’s, to take the arithmetic mean of all the points (X and Y separately). The Wikipedia article even seems to say this, but it’s talking about the centroid of the points, not the centroid of the polygon that those points define. If you read it carefully, the article does give the correct algorithm, but it’s better explained on this page, along with sample implementations in various languages.

Census bureau shapefiles

The state and county outlines in the election maps come from shapefiles provided by the Census Bureau. Most states report votes by county, but a few New England states report by town (County Subdivisions in the Census Bureau page), and a few other states report by congressional district.

Shapefile simplification

D’oh! I completely forgot to talk about this important topic. The Census Bureau shapefiles have too much detail to be usable in a browser-based map. If you draw polygons from them, it will be much too slow. A tile layer can handle more detail, but the graphic files will be larger than they could be, because of the excess detail.

MapShaper is a free online tool to simplify shapefiles. It is pretty neat—you can see the effect of your simplification in realtime as you try different settings. I used MapShaper for the election maps, with various levels of simplification: simpler for JavaScript and more detailed for tile layers. More recently I discovered the Map Simplification Program which looks ideal for programmed simplification.

The code that processes shapefiles for the election maps is in makepolys.py which generates JSON output, and maketiles.py which generates tiles from that JSON data using ImageMagick.

Votes and delegates

The code to convert vote data from the latest primaries is in voter.py. This processes CSV files provided by the Boston Globe and converts them to JSON data.

Twitter map

The Ruby script that gathers the Twitter updates uses the Jabber::Simple module written by Blaine Cook to create a custom Jabber client that talks to Twitter, and uses the Twittervision API to get geographic information. It parses the XML data with sweet Hpricot, then generates JSON data (but you probably saw that coming). If you like jQuery, you’ll like Hpricot.

Mapplet code

The election mapplet code is in decision2008.xml and map.js. The code for the Campaign Trail mapplet is in campaign-trail.xml and campaign-trail.js. The latter file has the latest versions of the Array.mapjoin(), Array.index(), Object.sort(), S(), and related functions that I talked about. They are at the top of the file, and not yet documented, but you can find examples of each in the code.

More to come

That’s it for now! I’ll be posting more detailed articles on some of these topics. If there is a particular area you’re interested in, please let me know in the comments.

Thanks!

Making a valiant attempt to post code with my comment system (Sorry, Mike! :-(), Mike Roome points out:

The ruby example isn

Matt Pietrek marvels at C# 2.0 iterators and dissects them right down to the CLR bytecode. I always learn something from Matt, and this whirlwind tour is no exception.

Matt says, “This was the beginning of my descent into the loopy world of C# 2.0 iterators. It took me awhile to wrap my head around them, and when I tried to explain them to other team members I got looks of total confusion.” I wonder if it would have been less confusing if Matt’s team had first been exposed to yield iterators in a language that makes them easier to use.

After using Python and Ruby, the iterators in C# feel right at home to me. They work the same in all three languages, but in Ruby and Python there’s not as much other code to get in the way of understanding them.

Let’s combine all of Matt’s examples into one, and compare the code in each language. First, in C#:

When you run that, it should print:

Here’s how you would write the same code in Python:

And in Ruby, the code looks like this:

The one unfamiliar thing here may be the |name| notation, which is how a code block such as the body of a loop receives its argument. And the p statements are a kind of print statement.

This Ruby version is even more concise and equally readable once you’re comfortable with the |name| notation:

Either way, the Python and Ruby versions make it easier to see what the iterator function does and how yield interacts with the rest of the code.

You may note that the Python and Ruby versions don’t create and instantiate a SomeContainer class as the C# version does. That’s true, and it would make the code in those languages a bit longer (but still simpler than the C# code). But, if you don’t need to—and you especially don’t need to when you’re experimenting and trying to understand a radical new technique like yield iterators—why bother?